#2 - Mages can't establish their own rules in a vacuum because you run into issues of priority. Hypothetically let's say the mages decide that Blood Magic is fine so long as you use your own blood, but the land the mages have set up a Circle in (let's say Kinloch Hold in Fereldan) has outlawed Blood Magic entirely. Which laws apply the laws the mages have set up themselves, or the laws of the land they inhabit?
As it's a law about magic that doesn't affect the nonmagical citizenry unless they become targets of self-defense, the Circle's law here would take priority.
Not to mention letting people come up with what rules apply to them on their own is a remarkably bad idea. You can't have the rules applying to a group be at the whim of said group, that's when you get people like Vaughn.
Isn't that the point of democracy, really? The problem with Vaughan and his ilk is that they don't make rules for everyone, but rather one set of rules for one group and another set for another, and the fact that the elves, in this case, do not have any input.
This runs into the same problem as the Mages deciding their own rules. You'll either have an ineffective token force, or a Brute Squad acting on the whims of the First/Senior Enchanters.
Have their paychecks come not from the Circle that they serve in, but from some location of central
mage authority. Create a sort of federal authority over the state one of the Circles themselves.
1. How do you guarantee circle independence?
The circles will, no matter what happens, be a resource of immense value. It will be awfully tempting for anyone to seize those resources for themselves. Once those resources are in their hands, it'll be very difficult to take back (not to mention that by subtle machinations, it can be very difficult to discover). If Orlais decides to aim it's full force of it's Chevalier legions to control the circle and rebuff anyone coming to protest, you're going to need massive armies to save the circle... and Orlais will know this.
Since mages are a "renewable resource" that each nation will have access to they don't really need anyone outside their own nation, so being embargoed is a threat that lack bite.
Not to mention that the nation's political, military and mercantile parties might be utterly uninterested in helping the mages.
The chantry, for better and for worse, has the influence to guarantee this. They have massive popular support, ties to every noble family, the ear of every monarch and a claim (false or true) of divine right. It's awfully difficult to resist the Chantry because it has the muscles to destroy you.
This is one reason that blood magic shouldn't be banned fully. It'll be the knowledge that a single, quiet, not-insane blood
mage whose only goal was to do as much da
mage as possible to a nation's infrastructure could do a hell of a lot if they open Veil tears in the right place and are fast-moving. The notion that I think of first is the one that says that
mages can do way more da
mage than what would make trying to take the Circles by force would be worth.
2. How do you prevent competition?
Similar to above, even if we prevent the sovereign nations from seizing control of the existing circles, what's stopping them from creating new ones under their control and denying the old ones any fresh recruits. Currently, "divine law" and the occasional piece of support prevents them from doing so. The circles supporting their patron nations would go a long way of course, but it's not a very strong guarantee.
Ditto.
3. Without the chantry, how do you guarantee recruitment?
The Chantry has, without a doubt, access to the largest information network in Thedas since just about every single village has a representative. If Chantry and Circles are separate, how exactly do you keep an eye out for new talent? How do you find magelings? How do you make it known where to get training? How do you handle those that don't want to go?
We could do the same, namely having at least one
mage in each town, a trustworthy one, as a Circle representative. Making it known where to get training shouldn't be too hard. As for those who don't want to... well, they're below the age of majority as it is, so that's not necessarily a huge issue, but for their families, there are certainly incentives to make it easier, such as getting them to move into villages near the Circles.
4. Economy.
How do you pay for the damned thing? And now we're not just talking circles anymore... since we're separating the whole thing we're also talking:
Templar wages
(Mage wages?)
Templar equipment
Lyrium for mages
Lyrium for templars
Lodgings for both
Food
Medicine
Recruitment
Information network
Administration
Communication
(plus compensation/incentives for families if that's agreed upon)
A lot of this fell in the Chantry's portfolio before, now it would have to fall under the Circle. And furthermore, how do you prevent templars from becoming dependent on mages for their living (because no templar ever is going to agree to have their livelyhood controlled by the mages)?
First, lyrium for templars would be greatly cut: IIRC, you only need it to unlock the power, you don't need to keep dosing them with the stuff. Second, an expansion of magical goods/services for the rest of the people of Thedas, and possibly hiring support staff who might be able to do things like alchemy that are related to magic but don't require it.
I also would like to launch a major recruitment drive for casteless dwarves who are willing to learn enchanting and to give up criminality if they have records there. They might be able to replace, or at least greatly supplement, the Tranquil, and if there are enough of them, they could be most useful.