Arlathan as Ancient Greece: Why Xenophanes shook his fist angrily at the Gods in the Sky
It is often said that the origins of natural science may be found in ancient Greek philosophy because of a certain lack of coherence, as well as a lack of authority, in ancient Greek religion.
Religion in Greece placed greater emphasis on festivals and rituals than on any systematic theology or canonical sets of required beliefs. Greeks always regarded the stories that supplied the intellectual components of their religion with a certain degree of flexibility and without absolute conviction. The myths themselves provided only very murky accounts (however colourful) of the origins of the world and humankind, and so the Greeks could hardly look to these stories for convincing answers.Overall, Greece was a pretty poetic place.
"Rainbows are coloured clouds, and nothing more" answered Xenophanes grouchily, against the idea that they were blessings from the Gods. Homer's The Illiad teaches that Zeus keeps two jars; one full of blessings for each mortal, and one full of curses. We are all subject to his whims.
Xenophanes didn't like that.
Homer and Hesiod have attributed to the gods all
The actions that are a shame and a disgrace among human beings. Theft, adultery, and deceiving one another!
Greek students were expected to learn Homer's The Illiad and Odyssey in particular by heart. They gave an account of the origin of the gods and the cosmos. In which:
> Chaos births both Gaia (the Earth) and Ouranos (heaven)
> Ouranos births Cronos (known as one of the Titans)
> Cronos kills his father, Ouranos
> Cronos births Zeus
> Zeus overthrows his father, Cronos, imprisoning him
Alternative translations can give differing accounts. Though, see a pattern here? The purpose of Greek education was known to be firstly and foremostly, to revere the gods. Secondly, to respect their parents. From these two premises it was the hope that thirdly, it would produce a well-regulated community.
But the gods did not respect their parents! In fact, they were violent beyond measure! And the heroes of our stories aspired to be them! Murderous, rage-filled, proud, vain, lustful and corrupt. Even the famed desire for honour, Xenophanes wrote, was an immoral, socially corrupting behaviour.
Xenophanes was careful in his wording, however. He criticised not the existence of the Gods themselves, but the manner in which Greeks worshipped them.
If cattle and horses and lions had hands,
Or could draw with such hands and create works, as humans do,
Horses would draw the forms of the gods like horses, and cattle like cattle
And each would make the gods' bodies in the same form as they had themselves.
No man knows or will ever
Know about the gods and the other things I speak of;
For even if one happened to speak the whole truth,
He himself would not know it. All things are wrought with appearance.
Xenophanes critiques the way in which human beings conceive of their gods as images of themselves (anthropomorphism). He doubts that the true nature of divinity, whatever it is, is something any mortal can know.
Is being filled with rage really a vice? Or perhaps it is a virtue to a god?
"Xenophanes used to say that it is just as impious to claim that the gods were born as it is to claim that they die; for in both cases it follows that there was a time the gods did not exist." - from Aristotle's Rhetoric
Suggesting a time when a god did not exist raises the possibility of that time coming about again. Surely immortality and divinity go hand-in-hand? Xenophanes continued on to conceptualise an "ideal type of God" for a society to worship - one god, who was wholly perfect and unchanging (monotheism. completely hypothetical, of course).
The more cynical among us might say that philosophers like Xenophanes could only exist in a society wealthy and powerful enough to support the type of people who sit around thinking all day. That a curious spirit is largely economically driven. But most often, the quest for knowledge has been religiously driven. For many, there is no more powerful motivation than understanding the wonder that is the cosmos.
Greece was one of few places in the Ancient world where this kind of spark and change in thinking happened. Perhaps the same can be said for Arlathan.