Most spell protections only work against spells cast directly at the caster, though there are exceptions (like Globe of Invulnerability). Note that you might expect from the spell description that something like Minor Spell Deflection would prevent damage if an area spell is directed at the protected person - but it won't.
All protections work against any type of spell with the exception of Spell Immunity where you choose the spell school you want to protect against. Some protections only work on lower level spells though, e.g. Minor Spell Turning only affects spells of level 4 and below.
Breach does normally bypass spell protections, though the way it behaves can be greatly affected by any mods you have installed.