I understand that, but I am going to be truthful here. I couldn't give a rats arse care here for those people. I don't know them, nor will I ever know them making my interest in them 0. The only people I care about are my family and friends, and they are all ok, so why should I pay a good amount of my paycheck to people I am never going to see. Yes, this makes me sound like a giant Dick, but it's the truth of the matter. I actually care where my money goes.
For the second point, I think taxes are good to an extent to cover schools, military, police force. I do except those as good natural things.(The size of them however is another story.) As for health care, I still believe it should be personal choice. The only good point you did bring up however was the national debt one which piqued my interest.
Well, it's a very valid one to point to - a country is vested in not having it's people dying in the streets. It's a human right issue, a public health issue, an international relations issue... the list goes on. So let's just take it at face value that the richest country on the face of the Earth is going to have programs in place to provide emergency and deathbed treatment of its people, at bare minimum. That means the federal government is picking up the tab on the poorest of disadvantaged people... through Medicare, Medicaid, tax write offs to hospitals + other major providers... the U.S. government can't get around doing that.
In that scenario, you are having the government pay for ALL of these people. Throw in further the amount of money the government forks out in bankruptcy relief (again, with medical costs being the number one driver) and it's clear the government is taking it on the chin.
Now, with the exchanges, it's really quite brilliant - you enroll and are blindly lumped in with other people on your state who want similar policies. This means people young, old, sick, healthy, poor, rich, employed by a company or who are self-employed... they all can get a policy for the same price based on the coverage they want, not on the level of risk they bring. This frees people to leave jobs, open businesses, become freelance contractors instead of tied to one company... it allows them access to the same level of predictability with their coverage as someone who works for a company that offers benefits (granted, it's at a higher price because there isn't an employer paying into it, but that's just the nature of the beast).
This means the sickest people can afford policies, which means they AREN'T winding up on the government dime when they have a hospitalization, but rather on the private insurer who gave them the policy. Furthermore, since everyone must have coverage, the healthy people balance out the sick, but everyone is still paying less then they would have paid for buying an indiviudal policy in the old model.
The reason why? Groups are much easier (and cheaper)!to administer for. There is no customization of policy, no premium recalculation based on usage, no personalized marketing or communication material... the average percentage of the premiums paid for an indiviudal policy strictly for administration costs (claims processing, communication, overhead and support, NOT actual medical expenses) was 27% for an indiviudal policy. For group policies, they are closer to the realm of 10%. Yes, by bundling people together in a group, they cost nearly three times LESS than if they go out and buy a policy themselve.
It saves money - money for medical providers (who have less people without insurance coverage that they must send to collections or write off as losses), money for insurance carriers, who can save money by treating everyone the same in their process, money for policy holders who get a discount for buying in a group that could only previously be achieved through an employer or collective bargaining group and money for the government, who does not bear the sole brunt of the sickest and poorest individuals, but spreads that risk to private insurance companies, who gladly will take it with over ten million new people now able to afford and pay for their product.
It's FAR from a perfect solution. And there's still a lot of room for improvement on all fronts. But it's a system that is proven to save money for every group involved (even if there are individuals who see no direct change in their experience - specifically those who already had coverage through their job and were already getting a really sweet deal to begin with).