Asynchronous storytelling ... ? which mean some parts of the story won't take place in the same timeline or something like that ?
Just FYI, asynchronous means "Not occurring at the same time."
Technically, any scenes in a work of fiction that does not chronologically take place at the same time as other scenes in the same work of fiction is asynchronous. The same applies to works of fiction that does not take place at the same time as other works of fiction.
A good example of a synchronous story is A Song of Ice and Fire. Linear story, but lots of geographically separated character arcs that chronologically play out simultaneously in the universe, but which are (obviously) separated by chapters.
It could, but I'd describe that more as achronological storytelling or something. My guess is that it means telling a coherent story through smaller independent arcs that don't need to be experienced in a specific order to be understood.
You can break it down even further into individual scenes. A person's understanding (or catharsis, even) of an achronological plot usually comes at the end of the story when all the scenes have been experienced, such as Memento.